The Behavioral Definition of Punishment - 1907 Words

This paper will provide the behavioral definition of punishment and give examples of both positive and negative punishment in different types of settings. The guidelines for the effective use of punishment, as well as legal and ethical issues that should be considered by the Behavior Analyst while designing a behavior intervention plan are identified. The term punishment as used in operant conditioning refers to any change that occurs after a behavior happens that reduces the likelihood that the behavior will follow again in the future. Punishment occurs when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner was the first psychologist to identify†¦show more content†¦The mere mention of the word punishment as in the origin of the word make most people think of causing pain when in fact negative punishment is very different from corporal punishment. Corporal punishment is the use of p hysical force with the intention of causing a child to experience pain but not injury for the purposes of correction or control of the childs behavior (Gershoff, 2002). Behavior change strategies based on negative punishment involve taking away a desirable stimulus after a behavior occurs. Punishment has occurred when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change to decrease the future frequency of the behavior. Positive punishment aids in the decrease in the problem behavior. Reprimand is one of the most common forms of positive punishments. A firm No or Stop delivered immediately on the occurrence of an undesirable behavior will significantly reduce the chance of the behavior being repeated in the future. Verbal praise is a form of positive punishment. In a study using 2  ½ to 7-year-olds praise was used to reward compliance by the parents in the home (Owen, 2012). Parent training on elements of praise and positive attention was conducted at the onset of the study. The setting of this study was conducted in the home setting for handling noncompliance. The methods of punishment explored for this study were the effects of parental praise, positive nonverbal responses, reprimand, and negative nonverbal responses.Show MoreRelatedEffects of Corporal Punishment on Children When Used in the Home1354 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Corporal Punishment on Children When Used in the Home Discussion about corporal punishment is everywhere. It is in the news and in the home, and in education on what is punishment and what is abuse is beginning to rise. Corporal punishment has been used as a disciplinary tool for parents throughout all of Americas history (Gershoff, 2002, p. 1). However, the definition of what corporal punishment actually is, is still unclear to some people and parents. In Wendy Walshs essay, SpankerRead MoreThe Effects Of Spanking On Child Aggression1184 Words   |  5 Pagesother words, A spanking at age 5 resulted in externalizing behavioral issues at age 9. Frequent spanking in early childhood is an established risk factor for later childhood behavioral problems as well as mental disorder in adulthood in Western societies, but the risks haven’t extensively researched in other societies. Recently a study was conducted in Japan to investigate the relatedness between spanking of toddlers and later behavioral problems in Japanese children. The study us a LongitudinalRead MoreA Debate: Punishment is a Sustained Form of Modifying Behavior1127 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The debate of whether punishment is a sustained form of modifying behavior has been around for decades. Whether or not negative reinforcement works better than positive reinforcement can be discussed and further supported by current research (Gershoff, 2010). Punishment has gotten very negative publicity for the potential harmful effects that this form of learning has had on children. Most behavioral studies based on the idea of praising or knocking down punishment strategies have been done in childrenRead MoreSkinner Behavioral Analysis Summary972 Words   |  4 PagesSkinner - Behavioral Analysis Summary Tessia Purvis Overview of Behavioral Analysis Skinners Behavioral Analysis focused mostly on observable behaviors and was considered radical in that it did not include hypothetical constructs such as ego and traits. He did not believe behavior was an act of free will but determined and scientifically observable. As an environmentalist he believe external stimuli had a larger impact on behavior than genetics. Conditioning According to our text Skinner recognizedRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1249 Words   |  5 Pagesphenomenon he called a conditional reflex response. A reflex is an involuntary response that occurs subconsciously or automatically without thought (Sokolov, 1963). In contrast to operant learning which involves voluntary behavior. Conditioning by definition, is the process in which a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being repeatedly paired with another stimulus that consistently elicited the response. This is furthermore known as classical conditioning. There are three main components inRead MoreThe Prevention of Crime801 Words   |  4 Pageskeeping citizens safe, and the goal of police departments nationwide. In order to understand how to prevent crime we must look at the reasons crime occurs. Crime by definition is â€Å"the act or commission of an act that is forbidden, or the omission of that duty that is commanded by public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law. The prevention of crime takes many shapes in order to be effective. We will evaluate what some of these steps are, to establish a basis for preventionRead MoreBehavioral Approach And Consistent Misunderstanding And Devaluation1344 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Behaviorism application to early childhood, the behavioral approach and consistent misunderstanding and devaluation exists among many professional in the early childhood field. In this paper, it will discuss the important figures in developing behaviorism, the principal elements of the theory and relevant periods of development through adolescence. In addition, it will identify and describe the critical features of the behavioral approach and their similarities to early childhood and theRead MoreEvaluation Of A Functional Behavior Assessment1393 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopmental and skill level. If a student’s behavior is not extinguished or improved through Tiers 12 intervention, extensive individualized support is provided under Tier 3 in which an Individualized Education Plan is created and a Functional Behavioral Assessment is conducted. The purpose of a Functional Behavior Assessment is to assist a teacher in determining why a student is presenting a problematic behavior, so a plan can be made as to how to address the behavior. A FBA is conducted at theRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effects On The Classroom1553 Words   |  7 PagesPunishment vs. Positivity For as long as there has been an educational system, teachers and administration have used various forms of punishment to manage student behavior. In America today, there are fifteen states that that expressly permit the use of corporal punishment and seven more that do not prohibit the use of corporal punishment in schools (Turner, 2016). At the same time, the U.S. Department of Education has established the National Technical Assistance Center on Positive Behavior InterventionsRead MoreSocial Learning Theory Of Crime1278 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology (Bradshaw, 2011). Akers retained the concepts of differential association and definitions from Sutherland s theory, but conceptualized them in more behavioral terms and added concepts and propositions from social behaviorism (Bradshaw, 2011). Akers explicated his theory primarily by identifying and explaining four central concepts 1) differential association 2) differential reinforcements 3) definition 4) imitation. Akers SLT is a child of differential association theory and not a rival

College Athletes Financial Compensation - 4427 Words

Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to persuade a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) panel, to include its president Mr. Mark Emmert to modify the current NCAA amateurism by law 12.02.1 making it feasible for college athletes to receive financial compensation. The primary issue with the current regulation is that because of the rule many student athletes are living in poverty like conditions. The current by law is also affecting various aspects of domestic and International students ability to continue to meet eligibility requirements. In the past ten years college athletics as a whole has grown exponentially and it’s clearly evident by the revenues the NCAA and it’s schools are generating. These additional†¦show more content†¦Those that argue that college students are not receiving fair treatment would argue the point that these amateur college athletes are not truly as fortunate as the NCAA portrays. There is no doubt that many under privileged young adults are indeed provided an opportunity to pursue a lifelong dream, yet it’s not as obvious when some of the statistics are examined. Though the NCAA and it’s institutions of higher learning do issue hundreds of thousands of scholarships throughout the year, they only make up a minuet percentage of college students, in fact in the same in the same time period of 2003 to 2004, â€Å"the N.C.A.A. institutions gave athletic scholarships amounting to about 2 percent of the 6.4 million athletes playing those sports, making that select group of athletes barely register statistically among the 5.3 million students at N.C.A.A. colleges and universities† (New York Times, n.d.). If the intent is to provide more opportunities to these underprivileged young adults then we all have a moral obligation to review not only how scholarships are awarded, but how many, as well as how they benefit the student athletes throughout their college years. The second aspect of the debate is one from an economic perspective, which is theShow MoreRelatedCollege Athletes : The Masters Of Multitasking1305 Words   |  6 PagesCollege athletes with out a doubt are the masters of multitasking. Not only being able to play there individual sports at a high level but also finding the time to dedicate to there academics and achieve relatively decent grades. The amount of time that they dedicate to there university out on the game field and in the classroom should be deserving of a reward. Some argue that the problem would be that not every school can afford to give college athletes a decent compensation in every sport; forRead MoreCollege Athletes : Patrons For The Ncaa1088 Words   |  5 Pages College Athletes: Patrons for the NCAA The NCAA is a money-generating monster that disregards college athletes’ financial well being. How can we stand back and let the NCAA steal money from the hard working athletes that provide it? Take this for example: Philip is a landscaper that works hard day in and day out mowing yards. He is not always perfect, and makes the occasional mistake. Even though he make mistakes, he is good at what he does. Now imagine if Philip earned a very small amount ofRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesof thought currently cycling throughout media circles is the definition and compensation of college student-athletes. Some colleges and universities provide student-athletes with complete or partially-paid tuition expenses, lodging, books, and other educational incidentals while the athlete plays sports at their institution. Many advocates for fair market compensation for college athletes argue that some Division 1 athletes â€Å"labor under very str ict or arduous conditions, so they really are laborersRead MoreThe Problems With Paying College Athletes1120 Words   |  5 Pages College athletics is a very diverse organization involving a lot of students, mainly as the players, and non-students such as officials, coaches and others. The leading governing body for college athletics is the National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA. College sports is itself a big industry involving sponsorships, TV networks, endorsements, retail products and marketing. But in spite of it being a big business, the players are not compensated for the work they deliver. This opens up twoRead MoreThe Problems With Paying College Players1295 Words   |  6 PagesColleges are infamous for pouring millions upon millions of dollars into their sports programs, except of course, when it comes to paying athletes. Because college athletes are not allowed to be paid in accordance to federal law while they simultaneously create large sums of revenue, there has been a heated debate that Kristi Dosh and Mark Cassell readily provide contrasting evidence for. In Dosh’s article, â €Å"The Problems with Paying College Players,† she argues that it would not be fair to pay collegeRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?986 Words   |  4 PagesPaying the College Athlete The college athlete has steadily grown in popularity in the United States over the span of the past decades. Monetarily speaking, this increased publicity has been extremely beneficial for National Athletic Association (NCAA) and all the colleges involved in athletics which has sparked the dispute of whether or not the athlete should be paid for their hard work and dedication on the field and to their school or if the athletic scholarship is more than enough. College athletesRead MoreThe Current Position Of Intercollegiate Athletics1653 Words   |  7 Pagesprograms that pay their athletes to attend the school. Therefore, in no other country will one find quite as much debate as to whether or not these athletics programs should continue to be affiliated with the colleges and universities they represent, particularly if the primary objective of colleges and universities is to educate their students (Beyer, 2000). Moreover, the role of amateurism and whether or not student-athletes should be paid is a controversial issue among college sport fans and scholarsRead MoreThe Ethical Approach Of Bob Bowlsby1484 Words   |  6 Pagesbasketball student athletes to receive a salary while female and male student Olympic sport athletes who partake in swimming, wrestling, and lacrosse, for example, do not receive the same benefit (Strickland Moody, 2014, p. C-422). The justice approach is based on fairness, equity, and impartiality as it derives from Aristotle who articulated that equals are to be treated equally and unequals unequally (Rao, 2010, Velasquez et al., 2015). Bowlsby is expressing that all student athletes are equals asRead MoreThe Consequences of Paying College Athletes1240 Words   |  5 Pages(â€Å"Amateur†). Amateurism is the concept that athletes should compete without payment. Until recently, playing collegiate sports as an amateur was thought to be a noble calling. As time surpassed, college sports became a commercialized industry, generatin g billions of dollars in revenue. When this became apparent, the implementation of athletic scholarships became more relevant. The athletic scholarship seemed to be a more than fair way to delight athletes with some sort of incentive to ensure theirRead MoreEssay on College Athlete: It ´s Time To Pay Them1722 Words   |  7 PagesPaying Them is The Answer In college sports athletes perform on the big stage in front of thousands of people every week and receive no money for their performances. These athletes receive no money for their performance because it is made illegal by the NCAA for any student athlete to receive any type of reward for their performance. In the last five years there has been a heated debate on whether the NCCA should start paying college athletes. People responded to this situation with mixed views

Legal Aspects of International Business and Trade†Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Legal Aspects of International Business and Trade. Answer: Introduction A multinational company is that company which operates and has facilities and assets in more than one country simultaneously. The operations in other countries may take the form of a subsidiary of the holding company or a manufacturing branch. A company may also become multinational through takeover or amalgamation. For instance, a Chinese company may take over the operations of another company in the same line of business in Australia or Italy thus making it a multinational company. This essay therefore discusses DELL EMC, a multinational company with operations in Australia. The Australian company is a subsidiary of dell technologies. Dell technologies were founded by Richard Egan and Roger Marino in 1979 (Janssen Crompvoets, 2012). It provides a range of products in the following categories; information storage, storage and management of content, virtualization, security compliance, cloud computing, data computing among others. The company operates in the Information Technology industry. It is key in the provision of essential infrastructure for building of digital networks by organizations for future prosperity and to transform their Information technology so as to protect their information. Dell EMC has enabled enterprises to transform their digital businesses using a hybrid cloud that is built on modern data centres. The company has approximately four hundred employees in Australia. The number of employees globally totals to about seventy thousand people. The parent company, dell technologies is headquartered in Hopkinton, Massachusetts in the United States. Dell EMC Regulatory framework Dell EMC as a company is regulated by the Corporations Act 2001. The Act regulates business entitles situated both at the interstate and federal levels of government. The Acts regulation operates along the constitution, management and the general operations of the company. Australian Securities and Investments Commission provide requirements that a foreign company with operations in Australia has to register with the commission. The subsidiary of a multinational company is required to register by lodging form 402 with the commission, providing all information on how the company shall be managed. Further, the company need to lodge with the commission certified copies of the companys certificate of incorporation, certificate of good standing, certificate of current standing, a certificate of legal existence and that of a current status. During registration, the company is also required to provide certified copies of its constitution or a description of any legislation that governs the company (Clark, 2010). Foreign or multinational companies are required to operate in Australia using a local agent who is an Australian. Where a local agent has been appointed by the multinational company, the form for appointment of such agent must be lodged with the commission. Where the form is lodged for registration by a third party other than the agent, the said third party has to avail a copy of any document that gives him or her authority to do so. The agent so appointed could be an individual or a corporation and must reside in Australia and authorised in the circumstances to accept on behalf of the multinational company any notices or service process (Teicher, Holland Gough, 2013). The documents lodged for registration should be prepared in English but where the same have been prepared in any other language apart from English, a certified translated document must accompany the originals at registration. The company has to comply with the reporting requirements for companies including filing of audited accounts unless the commission gives reliefs or exemption where necessary for a multinational company to comply with its reporting obligations. The commission is empowered to give relief to a company exempting such company from lodging requirements as to as to its financial reports. However, where the company fails to lodge sufficient information which is less as compared to that lodged by an Australian company, such exemption will be refused. A small propriety company which is under the control of foreign companies is capable of getting a class relief from the requirement as to submission and filing of audited financial reports (Enright Petty, 2013). A multinational company is required to display its name outside the place of business than can be easily be seen by members of the public. In addition to the display of the name it is also under an obligation to display the place of origin, the words registered office and a notice of the limited liability of the shareholders. Dell EMC will therefore has to comply with all the requirements so as to operate in Australia as a subsidiary of Dell technologies. Federal Privacy Act 1988 This is an act of parliament that deals with the regulation of the collection, disclosure and use of personal information (Buyya, Broberg Gos?cin?ski, 2011). Dell EMC operates in the Information industry and therefore this legislation greatly impacts on its operations. Dell EMC works cuts across the public and private sector and therefore has to comply with laws that regulate the way the public sector handles public data, the manner in which data related to health is handled by both sectors and matters to do with surveillance and or use of information relating to criminal record (Newman, 2008). The privacy act concentrates with regulation of personal data i.e. any information or data that can be used to identify an individuals name, resume, photograph or address whether such information is true or false (Akindemowo, 1999). The scope of application of the act is however limited to practices done within Australia and to a larger extent to acts done outside Australia where the entity has a link in Australia. For a company or entity to be said to have an Australian link, such company or entity must have had its formation done in Australia or was incorporate outside Australia but it carries business in Australia and the personal information referred to was collected in Australia ( Zeitlin, 2015). An entity that collects or stores personal information would be liable in circumstances where such personal information is disclosed overseas and the recipient of the disclosed data commits a breach of any Australian Privacy Principles in relation to the use of personal data. Dell EMC therefore has to put strict measures to ensure that the data they hold are not leaked to unauthorized persons without the consent of the persons to which the said data relates (Rule Greenleaf, 2008). Dell EMC in its operations that largely involves the handling of data, it would be required that it abides by the principles as to safe handling, storage or processing of such data. The data is supposed to be managed with a lot of openness and transparency. Any entity involves has to take all the reasonable steps so as to implement policies, practices, systems and procedures geared towards ensuring the compliance with the Privacy Act. Entities should ensure that they develop a policy that relates to the handling of personal information. The act also requires data subjects in their interaction and dealings with entities to maintain anonymous character unless it is impracticable to do so. This would protect their personal data from being in the possession of the entity. Where it is required for purposes of conducting the business of a company for personal information to be collected, the entity is under strict obligations imposed by the Act to the effect that it has to notify data subjects of its intention to collect the data and a description of the reason for such collection. Consent of the data subject has to be procured through lawful means; the personal data so collected shall only be used for the primary purpose for which it was collected and a further consent from the data subject would be necessary for any disclosure or use of data for any purpose other than for which it was collected. Where the entity no longer requires the data in its possession, it must take reasonable measures to ensure that such data is destroyed (Sornarajah, 2010). Where it is necessary for an entity to disclose personal data to a recipient outside the jurisdiction of the operation of the entity, such entity is required to ensure that the recipient of such information does not commit a breach of the Australian Privacy Principles unless such disclosure is done upon the consent of the data subject and such disclosure of personal information is required by Australian law. The Australian Tax System The taxation system for resident Australian companies is to the effect that the particular companies are required to pay tax on their global capital and income gains. An exemption is applicable where income and capital gains tax have already been paid in another foreign jurisdiction. This is to avoid double taxation of multinational companies (Chappell, Chesterman Hill, 2009). Multinational companies, just like locally incorporated ones are subject to pay 30% corporate tax. Treaties and Conventions that impact on the operations of DELL EMC A treaty refers to an agreement concluded under international law between sovereign states or international organizations (Alston, 1995). A treaty can be ratified or ascended to by a state that did not take part in the treaty negotiations (Iacovino, 2006). The law of treaties is contained in the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties. Australia has ratified a number of treaties that has a direct impact on the services provided by Dell Australia. The treaties are as discussed below; The Universal Declaration of Human Rights which relates to the right to maintain privacy. Article 12 of the Convention provides that any person has the right to privacy and shall not be subjected to any interference with his or her privacy, that of his family or home and any form of attack on his reputation or honour. The act further mandates the state to ensure that a person whose privacy is threatened is protected by the law. This convention therefore has a direct impact on the services offered by Dell. Dell would have to put measures to ensure that the information they store or process is done in a safe manner to prevent the infringement of the privacy of data subjects. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child. Article 16 protects all children from interference with their own privacy, that of their family or home and any form of unlawful attack on his or her reputation. The state is obligated under the convention to protect children against any interference or attacks on their privacy. Where Dell provides services relating to storage of data relating to children on behalf of a hospital for instance, they need to do so in a manner that does not violate the convention. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Article 17 protects everyone from interference with their privacy, that of their families and against any unlawful attack on their reputation. Additionally, every person is entitled to equal protection of the law including in the protection against interference with their privacy. This convention therefore has a direct impact on the services offered by Dell. Dell would have to put measures to ensure that the information they store or process is done in a safe manner to prevent the infringement of the privacy of data subjects (Tomsett, 1989). Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Developments Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Trans border Flows of Personal Data (OECD) also has a direct impact on the operations of Dell EMC on the treatment and handling of information in the course of provision of their services. (Opeskin, Rothwell, 1997). The OECD guidelines were developed since states do have a common interest geared towards the protection of privacy of the citizens. A uniform guide was therefore necessary to ensure that such private information is treated in a manner that ensures the upholding of the right to privacy of the data subjects (Sornarajah, 2010). Tax and Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) have been entered into between Australia and other international organizations to provide a mechanism of imposing corporate tax to be paid by multinational companies without being punitive on the value of tax imposed on corporations. (Maisto, 2009). In submitting and filing of tax returns therefore, Dell EMC would be guided by TIEAs on the amount to be paid, the considerations, and the penalties applicable for non-remittance of corporate tax. The agreements govern the exchange of information between states to enable the states cooperate and assist each other in the collection of corporate taxes (Wallace, 1976). Bibliography Tomsett, G., (1989). Tax planning for multinational companies. New York, Woodhead-Faulkner Wallace, D., (1976). International regulation of multinational corporations. New York, Praeger Sornarajah, M., (2010). The international law on foreign investment. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Enright, J., Petty, M., (2013). Australia's competitiveness: from lucky country to competitive country. Singapore, John Wiley Sons Teicher, J., Holland, P., Gough, R., (2013). Australian workplace relations Cambridge; Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press Clark, E., (2010). Cyber law in Australia. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International. Janssen, K., Crompvoets, J., (2012). Geographic data and the law: defining new challenges Leuven: Leuven University Press Rule, B., Greenleaf, W., (2008). Global privacy protection: the first generation. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Zeitlin, J. (2015). Extending experimentalist governance? The European Union and transnational regulation Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press Akindemowo, E., (1999). Information technology law in Australia. Sydney, LBC Information Services Newman, A. (2008). Protectors of privacy: regulating personal data in the global economy. Ithaca, Cornell University Press Buyya, R., Broberg, J., Gos?cin?ski, A., (2011). Cloud computing: principles and paradigms. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Iacovino, L., (2006). Recordkeeping, ethics and law: regulatory models, participant relationships and responsibilities in the online world. Dordrecht, Springer. Alston, P., (1995). Treaty-making and Australia: globalisation versus sovereignty? Sydney, Federation Press Opeskin, B., Rothwell, R., (1997). International law and Australian federalism. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press. Chappell, A., Chesterman, J., Hill, L. (2009). The politics of human rights in Australia. Port Melbourne, Vic, Cambridge University Press Maisto, G. (2009). Residence of companies under tax treaties and EC law. Amsterdam, IBFD Publications.